Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Is Doubt the Key to Knowledge Essay As a student currently taking the International Baccalaureate, I constantly question the differences between the several areas of knowledge which I study. In a period where technology shows constant developments which trigger new discoveries and establish new facts, a critical outlook is essential in order to assess the validity and limitations of knowledge claims that arise within these fields. The twenty-first century has been called the age of information, where individuals have the ability to communicate freely and where knowledge becomes increasingly accessible. This seems to create an environment where knowledge prospers freely, and where doubt is gradually becoming extinct. However, many still argue that this new age of information bombardment creates a false sensation of certainty, and a series of unsupported convictions. Almost all areas of knowledge have a particular way of achieving values of truth, when that is possible whatsoever. This is directly linked to the ways of knowing in Theory of Knowledge, (emotion, perception, language and reason) as well as through the methods each field uses in its attempts to explain something, or to reach truth. Furthermore, it is important to recognize the several â€Å"paradigm shifts†, as in the term first coined by Thomas Kuhn[1], that change the perception and methods through which we acquire and interpret knowledge, as well as our definition of truth. Scientific certainty derives from countless experimentations and observations, and many debate whether scientific truth can ever be reached. History, on the other hand, is rigorously based on personal experience and interpretation of individual accounts, which allows for partiality and bias. This essay aims to evaluate and distinguish these two areas of knowledge, as well as determine the possible legitimacy and certainty that can be obtained from the knowledge claims produced in each field. Historical analysis is one the most controversial areas of knowledge, possibly due its extremely ambiguous and uncertain nature. Historians may disagree over the causes and consequences of nearly any historical event. It is important to remember that history is based on paradigms. As a result, it s almost impossible to find a particular period in history which has not been marked by disputes between historians, attempting to determine what actually happened. Thomas Carlyle, a 19th century historian and teacher at the University of Edinburgh, once stated that â€Å"The history of the world is but the biography of great men†, an allusion to The Great Man Theory, one of the many paradigms that have bent the shape of historical analysis. If we take the Second World War as an example, it seems as if the historical context of the war is seen through the actions of men such as Adolph Hitler, Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini and Winston Churchill. Another paradigm that can be observed in historical thought is the â€Å"Rise and Fall† concept, which tends to evaluate the history of empires and historical powers in terms of two phases: the ascent and decline. Examples of this paradigm can be found in many titles of history books: â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Holy Roman Empire[2]†, â€Å"The Growth and Decline of the French Monarchy[3]†, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich[4]†, amongst others. Furthermore, as we analyze the history of the Second World War, we also find correlations with another historical paradigm, best exemplified by the famous proverb: â€Å"History is written by the victor†. The argument proposed is quite clear; those who triumph at War and reach power will inevitably influence and determine the course of history. In order to better illustrate this claim, two extracts follow, concerning the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941; the first, a broadcast by Winston Churchill to the British people, and finally a speech given by Adolph Hitler in Berlin, proclaiming the invasion of the USSR: â€Å"At 4 oclock this morning Hitler attacked and invaded Russia. (†¦) A non-aggression treaty had been solemnly signed and was in force between the two countries. †¦) Then, suddenly, without declaration of war, German bombs rained down from the sky upon the Russian cities. (†¦) Hitler is a monster of wickedness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [5] Winston Churchill, London, June 22 1941 â€Å"National Socialists! (†¦)The German people have never had hostile feelings toward the peoples of Russia ( ) Germany has never attempted to spread its National Socialist w orldview to Russia. Rather, the Jewish-Bolshevist rulers in Moscow have constantly attempted to subject us and the other European peoples to their rule. (†¦) which were particularly severe for Germans living in the affected nations. †¦) The purpose of this front is no longer the protection of the individual nations, but rather the safety of Europe, and therefore the salvation of everyone. May God help us in this battle. † Adolph Hitler, Berlin, June 25 1941[6] Analyzing both speeches, the difficulties of validating a historical account become quite evident, since there are always several perspectives concerning a specific historical event. As it relates to the ways of knowing, history is extremely dependent on perception and language, making it particularly hard for historians in hindsight to corroborate one account over the other and recognise its legitimacy. However, offering a personal perspective, I would most likely tend to support Churchill’s account of the 1941 Nazi occupation of the USSR. Yet, after exposing the uncertainties and ambiguity of historical knowledge, I begin to question whether or not my perception would differ, had Hitler and the Axis’ forces won the war. Unfortunately, it seems that would most likely be the case. Science is widely regarded as one of the most reliable fields of inquiry. When considering its potential for accurate and impartial conclusions, my initial response was to consider the scientific method the ideal, archetypal model of discovery. History seems simply too inseparable from human emotion and interpretation to produce a constantly indisputable account of facts, while science appears to be the most reliable and precise area of knowledge, solely based on rationality, empirical evidence and observable patterns. The scientific method, starting with a predicted hypothesis, followed by an experiment, collection and interpretation of data, which ultimately leads to a conclusion which could be repeated by any other scientist, gives the impression of being the perfect â€Å"truth formula†. On the other hand, when looking at the progress of science over time, it is important to realize that, together with the other areas of knowledge, real certainty can never be achieved in science. Even when scientific models survive repeated testing which fail to disprove them, they cannot be universally accepted as truths, but only provisional truths that are simply given functional certainty. The Caloric Theory[7], introduced by Lavoisier, was once a commonly accepted theory that was discredited in the 19th century by the mechanical theory of heat introduced by Carnot[8], which later on evolved into the science of thermodynamics. This supports the claim that scientific â€Å"truths† only exist on their specific â€Å"scope of applicability†[9]: â€Å"Science progresses through trial and error, mostly error. Every new theory or law must be skeptically and rigorously tested before acceptance. Most fail, and are swept under the rug, even before publication. Others, like the luminiferous ether[10], flourish for a while, then their inadequacies accumulate till they are intolerable, and they are quietly abandoned when something better comes along. Such mistakes will be found out. Theres always someone who will delight in exposing them.  Science progresses by making mistakes, correcting the mistakes, then moving on to other matters. If we stopped making mistakes, scientific progress would stop. † [11] In conclusion, it seems that uncertainty will always be an indissoluble part of every area of knowledge. We can also conclude that historical and scientific knowledge have an incredibly different way of explaining and interpreting things, mostly due to the ways of knowing, or according to which filter each area of knowledge attempts to express their ideas, and draw conclusions. While many may argue that the main purpose of these areas of knowledge is to explain and generate answers, some would say that their aim is inquiry, and their purpose is to generate questions. If we analyze these fields in hindsight, it is hard to dispute the claim that what we now consider hard facts are simply theories waiting to be discredited by the progress of our existence. Although at first I found myself to be disappointed with my findings, I stand corrected. The pursuit of knowledge, the quest for truth, is a never ending cycle of discoveries, and most importantly rediscoveries. Once we are certain of anything, we kill this cycle, we close the book, and the entire process loses significance and context. In the human drive for knowledge and higher awareness, as in the questions that generate the angst and sorrow of human consciousness, there can never be an unquestionable truth, an indisputable answer, for certainty is an illusion.

Impact of Environmental Changes

Impact of Environmental Changes All through written history people have utilized their surroundings to enhance the path in which they experience their regular day to day existences. In a brief timeframe traverse, in respect to the age of the earth, innovation has progressed at mind boggling rate. With the mind boggling headway of innovation more assets are being utilized to make a domain that permits society to work and develop. Individuals in a created and innovatively propelled society are living longer and more advantageous lives. Lamentably this is expanding the number of inhabitants on the planet; as the demise rate diminishes and the richness rate far and wide keeps on expanding. In the public eyes mission to wind up distinctly additionally created, normal assets are being exhausted at a wild rate that might be difficult to escape from. People have disturbed the adjust that is fundamental forever. People have been exploiting the assets that have been given. With the constantly expanding populace society will turn out to be more needy of the assets that the earth wont have the capacity to give one day. Water is the reason forever, however the earth just gives a little measure of new water. This water is being utilized as a part of plenitude for pointless utilities. A significant part of the new water is additionally being dirtied as processing plants discard chemicals and rubbish in and around new water supplies. Also, horticulture is a need that individuals over the world underestimate. All of the fruitful land the world over has been utilized, making issues for future nourishment utilization. Vitality is fundamental in building up a maintainable society. Oil is being utilized to make a large portion of the worlds vitality, yet it is basic to change to new techniques as oil keeps on being exhausted. Creating and changing the routes in which society capacities is basic to build up a maintainable earth that eras will have the capacity to possess. The surface of the earth is secured basically of water; just about 70% of the planet is canvassed in water. Inside that 70% on two and half percent is new water while the other ninety seven and a half percent is undrinkable salt water. About 70% of the new water is caught in ice tops difficult to reach to people. Roughly just a single percent of the worlds crisp water is promptly accessible, being found in lakes, waterways, stores and underground sources that consider simple and reasonable get to. There is just a little measure of new water that is accessible to people, which is being utilized at a rate that is not reasonable for the measure of individuals on this planet. The water supply in nations everywhere throughout the world is low. In numerous underdeveloped nations, there is for all intents and purposes no foundation to bolster the number of inhabitants in the nation. They are not ready to deliver a feasible approach to give water to subjects. The water that is accessible all through the world is likewise being contaminated on an unfathomable scale. Manufacturing plants in less created nations dont continually taking after all wellbeing directions. A lot of contamination from these production lines are being dumped into adjacent streams and lakes as it appears like a simple answer for undesirable chemicals and waste. This does not really just occur in underdeveloped nations, it happens everywhere throughout the world and it is turning into a gigantic issue that wont not have an answer in a couple of years chance. There is just a little measure of consumable water on the planet and if the activities of mankind proceed with, it will turn out to be progressively hard to invert these terrible results. Monstrous measures of eco frameworks are enduring because of the contamination that goes into the water every last day. Humankind must change to guarantee that new water is accessible for different eras to come. Water must be a maintainable asset with the end goal for humankind to work appropriately. In the momentum circumstance, the new water asset will be expended in a brief timeframe. It will turn out to be progressively hard to roll out improvements after this asset is exhausted, that is the reason changes must be made soon with a specific end goal to guarantee a fruitful future. The populace is developing at a rate that will make it hard to supply nourishment to individuals over the earth. Over the earth millions are malnourished because of the way that nations dont have arrive or ripe land to develop sustenance to bolster their kin. With the development of the populace more land will be utilized to construct homes to oblige. Today the greater part of the fruitful land is as of now being used to develop nourishment. A few nations have been acquiring land from different nations that have a wealth of land however they themselves cant accommodate their own kin. Horticulture is a standout amongst the most imperative variables that will figure out whether the earth will be economical for future eras to possess. It is vital that humankind utilizes their assets appropriately and proficiently to guarantee a future for various eras to come. One of the arrangements that have emerged is the utilization of indoor yield creation which would take into account most extreme space productivity. Indoor nourishment creation would take into consideration various floors to develop crops while as yet keeping up the ordinary size of a ranchers field. Fly over Holland and youll wind up looking down on an ocean of glass; here, hydroponic nurseries represent 50 percent of the estimation of all leafy foods created in the nation a reasonable reaction to soil exhaustion, sickness and salinization(Riley, Tess). The procedure of indoor cultivating diminishes the plants powerlessness to soil corruption and sickness. In a perfect world through this strategy it gets to be distinctly more straightforward in the methods for water system. Funnels are keep running all through the building permitting sprinklers to water the planets at whatever time of the day. This is the most conceivable answer for the farming emergency. It will be troublesome for the world to proceed down the way it is heading. Contamination and over populace will keep on affecting how farming will be se en throughout the following decade. New arrangements will turn out to be progressively looked for after to help this worldwide emergency. Building up a supportable approach to homestead will be of the up generally vital. Indoor cultivating is just a little bit of the perplex to making a feasible rural base for humankind. In this day and age, vitality has driven mankind to the point where it is needy for that of the littlest undertakings. It is hard to think back about what the world would resemble without the utilization of machines that change over vitality into power. Oil, since its disclosure has been one of the, if not the most critical substance on the planet. It is utilized as a part of nearly everything; from paint to garments it has touched humankind in an extremely solid manner. Be that as it may, oil is not a practical asset. It is as of now running its way toward consumption. At the appropriate time there will be no more oil on the planet. Oil contains a monstrous measure of vitality that is outfit and utilized for the creation of power. Over portion of the worlds power is made using oil. It will be hard to discover a swap for this asset. As oil is being drained the world must swing to different wellsprings of vitality that will consider manageability. Elective techniques for delivering po wer incorporate sunlight based and twist however current option vitality sources at present just supply 20% of the worlds power. These option strategies must be thought to be the fate of saddling vitality once the oil saves have dried totally. These techniques do take a considerable measure of space to create power productively, however it might be a value that will be paid soon. Making a manageable approach to deliver vitality and power is vital for future era to endeavor like current society has. Vitality objectives without bounds are based around the procedure of combination responses. On the off chance that researchers and specialists can maintain a combination response and tackle the vitality applied by the response then the vitality issues of the world would be unraveled. It is fundamental that mankind keeps on creating and investigate better approaches to make supportable vitality assets. It is basic that society changes the way it works as not all assets later on will be ava ilable to human. Change must be acquired now request to give a manageable society to future eras of mankind. On the in spite of a few convictions, the world is not in a supportable state for future eras to possess. Todays general public is on a course that wont end well. It is critical for society to change their way towards feasible advancement that would permit future eras to prosper. Flow water circumstances ought to confine the use of specific undertakings to help save what crisp water is accessible to us. Water is basic to all life, and as production lines keep on polluting in what minimal new water is accessible it apparently diminishes a manageable lifestyle for all. The headway in the field of horticulture is critical for mankind to survive. With the greater part of the prolific soil as of now being utilized it is vital to swing to different strategies to make a yearly supportable approach to create nourishment. Indoor offices will be depended vigorously upon later on for the generation of the universes nourishment supply. Using customary oil, the world has turned out to be reliant on this substance. Elective vitality is the method for whats to come. One day it should supplant oil since it is a reasonable method for creating power. It is critical that mankind soon perceive how life cant proceed down its present way. Better than ever thoughts must be intended to make a reasonable domain that will take into account future era to thrive and additionally this era has.

Effects of Ethics on Production of Knowledge

Effects of Ethics on Production of Knowledge Aakashdeep Dhillon Ethical Judgement limit the methods available in the production of knowledge in both the arts and the natural sciences. Discuss. Ethics is a moral principle of an influencing conduct. It is a branch of knowledge that is  similar to moral principles. However, it is not the same as morals, rather is the study of morals. A  right or wrong is just an opinion, and most people have their own opinion what may be right or  wrong. However in ethics, nobodys views are any better or more right than someone else’s. A  person’s ethical views is based upon their society, and cultural they were raised in. What one  person in one society may consider as ethical, may not be considered ethical in another society. Without making a generalization in that sense, it makes it hard to produce knowledge, in the given  areas of knowledge. Personally moving from India to Canada in 2006, was a huge change as I had  switched from Eastern culture to the Western culture and in many ways, I had to change myself to  be ethically correct to be ethically correct here. Hence, the statement in the title does withhold this  fact of, ethical judgements do limit the methods available in the production of knowledge.   Judgement always play a vital role in critical moments, and to obtain the accuracy and  precision of a good judgement, the person must be in a good state, mentally and physically. Any  actions or decisions an artist makes about his piece of work, the artist needs to take into account the  moral responsibility, especially during the times that we are living in. The artists hold the  responsibility ethically, what is right and what is wrong. There may not be a specific law saying  something is wrong, but society may very well a negative reaction which may spiral into  something uncontrollable that may as well start a movement or a new era. This means the artist is  morally responsible for their work when working on their piece, which ultimately limits the method  for producing knowledge. On a personal level, I think an artist must have freedom to do what they want in their work  as it shows their perspective and possibly many others in the society around us inevitably giving us  more knowledge. However, a society as a whole, especially when in large numbers in a specific  area together have different opinions on the piece which they do not agree with and act negatively  towards this. Hence, there is a fine line from what is morally right in society and the artist should  know whether to cross that line or not, especially if the artists job is to please his audience. However, the â€Å"line† that we draw between the ethically correct and the ethically wrong is almost  impossible to make out where it is because it all depends on the subjective standards of society. What is ethical and what is not vary as explained before, different cultures and societies view  things in different perspectives. For example, when I moved from India to Canada, in middle  school my classmates and I had to get into pairs and make a powerpoint about an artist that was  assigned to us. During the presentations I saw a presentation about Michelangelo, and many of his  artwork and sculptures were of nude people. The teacher and the class watched the presentation  and seemed like they had no problems with it. I felt uncomfortable watching it and so I didn’t look  at it. Later, talking to the teacher, she explained it was simply an assignment and it had no other purpose. This opened my eyes to the culture and society here to the society in India when I was  there. A lot of his work would not be accepted in the Indian society and looked down upon as it is  disgracing the human body. Nude art evokes a sense of sexuality and the topic is very intimate and  of something that should be kept on a personal level that’s why it is frowned upon and something  that made me uncomfortable and forced me to react in such a manner. However, I grew  accustomed to it and learnt to deal with such things that I am not used to. I believe an artist uses  their pieces of art to express their feelings about things they feel are important in society or not, and  also art a lot of the times is also used to criticize and mock different areas in society specifically  things like politics or culture. This is where I believe the artists should have a higher ethical  responsibility for their work and think of what they are doing and what may happen. Ultimately,  which leads me to believe that because of ethical judgements the methods to produce knowledge  really are limited in the arts. In the area of knowledge of science, my point of view is the opposite of the arts. In science  I believe any actions the scientists take for their research should not have to worry about the moral  responsibilities. The job of a scientist is to provide the world with research and answers to  questions which is backed by sufficient facts. A job of scientist is to figure out the different things  in the world and how they are made, and what they are made of. Scientists provide us with  information that is beyond our natural understanding. They conduct experiments and write  researches for the world to understand how the world works and I believe ethical beliefs should not  limit them to provide us with information. I believe that every human being must be provided with the truth about their surroundings. If science, did not challenge the ethical boundaries set we may  not have known that the earth was round, or that the existence of god may be a myth. I believe if  sc ience does not question everything without the ethical boundaries many things that happen in the  world go unresolved or unanswered. However, my opinions are different from what the society  may believe in. For scientists, the study of earth and its surroundings isn’t the only they focus on, if you go  into depth scientists branch off into different fields and study other things, such as diseases present  in the world. Scientists must do experiments and write researches for medicines that work and not  work and which may cause harm to humans. Therefore, they conducts experiments on animal  subjects and sometimes even human subjects, to test if something may cause harm or trigger a  reaction. Many people in different societies believe every living thing has a right to live and testing  dangerous products on them and killing them in the process for anothers good is ethically incorrect. Personally, I volunteer at the hospital and on a tour for the hospital and all the different sections in  the hospital. During a tour, they also dissected a human being to show the inside of the human for  knowledge. Hence, the same thing happens in the medical school as they work with real subjects. I  believe it is vital to experiment and conduct tests to come up with a definite remedy if we want to  get to the root of the problems, hence, the scientists should be held morally responsible for the  application of discoveries. Moreover, I believe the ethical responsibility working with the human  subjects is the same as it is with the animal subjects. I believe it is important for the greater good of  society some must be used as experiments whether they are humans or animals. However, a good  majority of the society believes otherwise and believe that everyone is equal and deserves to live as  much as anybody else/ any other living thing. Hence, this holds the scie ntists morally responsible  for the application of their discovery and again the ethical responsibility stays the same when  working with human or animal subjects. This ultimately proves the statement, as it limits the  methods available to produce knowledge in the given field. Consequently, personally I believe that ethical judgements do limit the methods available in  the production of knowledge. However, I believe it should not limit in the natural sciences as many  discoveries will go unresolved if they have not yet been discovered or proven thus far. I believe  comparing the two different area of knowledge, science provides us with some of the greatest  discoveries known to man and it has changed mankind and moved us forward over the years. Whereas in arts, the knowledge obtained is more on a personal level that makes us think about  ourselves only and what we think about certain things, which I believe should be considered as  high as the other, therefore, giving two different answers for the different areas of knowledge. However, many people do think otherwise and because everyone must be taken into account  which ultimately limit the ways of knowing. Word Count: 1461 Bibliography Areas of Knowledge. Theoryofknowledgenet. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. Dullwitch Home. Dullwitch Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2014. May 2014 TOK Essay Titles. Theoryofknowledgenet. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. Ways of Knowing. Theoryofknowledgenet. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Feb. 2014.

Maurice Agulhons The Republican Experiment :: essays research papers

Maurice Agulhon. The Republican Experiment, 1848-1852. London and New York: Cambridge University Press. 1983.Pp195.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This books main objective was to describe how France was in the process of becoming a democratic Republic. The book gave a full evolution and fulfillment that France made by the first four years of its first trial run at becoming a democratic Republic. The book gave in detail from start to finish how France finally prevailed during the 18707’s. The Republic was reborn when the Second Empire had made itself impossible: too aggressive for the alarmed Europe of the time and too authoritarian for an awakened society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Second Republic was not completely credited simply to the combination of government which held power during those four years. The powers were attributable to the Republic that tried to succeed from February to June 1848 and then survive from June 1848 to January 1849, and were above all due to the ideal Republic defined and desired between 1949 and 1851 by the only true republicans of all the time, those who were in opposition. The textbook as compared to the book chosen was alike in many aspects. Not only did the two books contain a lot of information but also the book compared very similarly with the classroom notes. Many of the ideas that were briefly discussed in class were given in much more detail in the book. The book information really did not differ in the views that were depicted in the textbook. Both sources were good detailed accounts of history during the republican era. The importance and purpose of this book was to give the audience or the reader complete and detailed accounts of the French Revolution. The author’s purpose was to tell from begging to end how the French went through many trials and failures before becoming a true form of democratic government. “However, the overall impact of these individual memories would not have been sufficiently strong had not literature evoked a collective memory. If the Republic was better know during the forties and able to win supporters from beyond the restricted circle of republican survivors and their immediate, this was the achievement of History.

Teaching Argument Evaluation in An Introductory Philosophy Course Essay

Teaching Argument Evaluation in An Introductory Philosophy Course ABSTRACT: One of the greatest challenges in teaching an introductory philosophy course is convincing students that there are, indeed, reliable standards for the evaluation of arguments. Too often introductory students criticize an argument simply by contesting the truth of one of its claims. And far too often, the only claim in an argument that meets serious objections is its conclusion. For many students, the idea that an argument displays a structure which can be evaluated on its own terms is not very difficult to grasp. Unfortunately, the idea is grasped only in an abstract way, with insufficient appreciation of how structural problems manifest themselves in concrete arguments, and without the vocabulary for formulating structural criticisms. But this paper is not simply about teaching logic, it is about pedagogy. Our task is to instill in the student the habit of clear thinking. When we send our students out into the world, we have to ensure that they are prepared for it. Introduction One of the greatest challenges in teaching an introductory philosophy course is convincing students that there are, indeed, reliable standards for the evaluation of arguments. Too often introductory students criticise an argument simply by contesting the truth of one of its claims. And far too often the only claim in an argument that meets serious objections is its conclusion. For many students, the idea that an argument displays a structure which can be evaluated on its own terms is not very difficult to grasp; unfortunately, the idea is grasped only in an abstract way, with insufficient appreciation of how structural problems manifest themselves in concrete arguments, ... ... extended arguments can be explained in terms of sufficiency, a concept that the student can easily grasp by seeing how a proposition presented as belonging to one of the linked arguments may also be employed as a premise in another of the arguments. Assignments: Several chain syllogisms. Session 6 This session should be devoted to the examination of the limitations of term logic. It has proved useful to consider simple arguments that make use of very basic truth-functional logic (modus ponens, modus tollens, and the hypothetical syllogism are easily enough explained). While these can usually be translated without too much effort into the form of a categorical syllogism, the awkwardness of doing so is clearly prohibitive. At this point, however, the battle is already won. The students are actively engaged in the logical analysis and evaluation of arguments.

Glastonbury Festival Essay

Glastonbury festival (officially The Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts) is biggest and one of the most important music festivals in the world, best known for its contemporary music, but also for dance, comedy, theatre, circus, cabaret and other arts. It takes place in south west England. The festival organiser Michael Eavis, a farmer in a Somerset decided to host the first festival, )then called Pilton Festival) as he saw open air Led Zeppelin concert in 1970. Fourteen people, including John Hoare, invested everything they had to build the stage on Michaels own farm. The first festivals in the 70‘s were influenced by hippie ethics and the free festival movement. After the 1970s the festival took place almost every year and grew in size, with the number of attendees and it becomes one of the most important events of the summer. Nowadays in Glastonbury perform bands such as U2, Colplay, Queens of the Stone Age, Pendulum but also less known (so called indie) bands. The only czech representative in this festival was Gipsy.cz in 2007. Altough festival is affected by barrages of rain and floods, the interest for tickets is enormous. For example in 2007, 137 tousand tickets was sold in only 90 minutes! It’s best not to come to Glastonbury with notebook full of plans of what you want to see. If there are one or two particular bands a day you really want to see, then let your day revolve around them and go with the flow! This festival is fill with the great summer atmosphere that only rock festivals can offer.

Teaching Philosophy Michael Cohen Education Essay

â€Å" Many pupils, particularly those who are hapless, intuitively know what the schools do for them. They school them to confound procedure and substance. Once these become blurred, a new logic is assumed: the more intervention there is, the better are the consequences ; or, escalation leads to success. The student is thereby â€Å" schooled † to confound learning with acquisition, grade promotion with instruction, a sheepskin with competency, and eloquence with the ability to state something new. His imaginativeness is â€Å" schooled † to accept service in topographic point of value. Medical intervention is mistaken for wellness attention, societal work for the betterment of community life, constabulary protection for safety, military poise for national security, the rat race for productive work. Health, acquisition, self-respect, independency, and originative enterprises are defined as little more than the public presentation of the establishments which claim to f unction these terminals, and their betterment is made to depend on apportioning more resources to the direction of infirmaries, schools, and other bureaus in inquiry. † Ivan Illich Deschooling Society ( 1973: 9 ) The pupil is finally responsible for his/her ain acquisition. The professor is responsible for making an environment where acquisition can take topographic point. To this terminal the instructor provides mentoring, resources, cognition and chances for larning in a assortment of manners. These include tactile, ocular, and hearable signifiers. Furthermore, now more than of all time, the professor is a usher and wise man, person who shows pupils waies to knowledge and assist them to larn to believe critically while researching new district. The procedure of ego geographic expedition Fosters lifelong acquisition by promoting the pupil to open internal doors alternatively of presuming that there is some kind of ultimate truth that will someway be spoon fed. Tabula Rasa was ne'er true and surely non for older pupils who have occupations and households. Their life experience is valuable and needs to be shared to do content relevant. Students learn best when they are non merely responsible for their ain acquisition but for the acquisition of others as good. Communal larning Fosters keeping. This is why doing a pupil responsible for the presentation of a lesson helps a pupil to larn. Teaching requires research, organisation, and presentation accomplishments. When pupils present they need to develop and finally pattern all of those accomplishments. There is motive to avoid embarrassment in forepart of equals. This consequences in the acquisition of a deepness of cognition that might otherwise be forgone in the hastiness to finish an assignment. Because the pupil uses a assortment of accomplishments there is natural repeat through acquisition, organisation of stuff, presentation and follow up inquiries. This repeat ensures larning and long term callback since it is presented utilizing several sensory inputs. â€Å" Play is the work of kids † ( Friedrich Froebel, 1839 ) Furthermore, larning must be merriment. Play is what kids do to ease their geographic expedition of their immediate environment. Play describes our ability to larn about, internalise and pull strings our environment. This desire for drama remains with us for life. If we are to be successful instructors we must work the desire for drama, modified to the appropriate life phase, to assist our pupils learn. To some grade, we are all kids in that we are all invariably larning. For that ground, we all need to be able to play because it is through drama that we are most originative. Play gives our pupils the freedom to pull strings thoughts and techniques in ways that no other method offers. Our learning methods need to reflect this truth and offer pupils chances to try new attacks and show new thoughts in a safe environment. Teaching methods should supply chances that recognize and cultivate the built-in desire of worlds to play and experiment. Students need acknowledgment and blessing. In many cases these have been losing from the instruction they have experienced to day of the month. Much of the success our pupils have experienced has been external and non officially recognized. In many cases, their wonder and experimentation have met with disapproval and penalty. So it falls to us to rectify and assist pupils reconstitute their thought to accept their ain innate intelligence. Our pupils are on their manner to going experts and governments in their chosen Fieldss because they have a passion for the work they have chosen. It falls to us to indue them with Einstein ‘s expletive. He said: â€Å" To penalize me for my disdain for authorization, destiny made me an authorization myself. † Albert Einstein, 1930 Students will be the governments of the hereafter. Therefore, they need to go womb-to-tomb scholars if this is non already their mentality, non merely for their personal growing and the satisfaction of a life-time of acquisition, but to run into the changeless and rapid alteration that the following century will certainly convey. In a universe that is invariably going a more accessible and classless topographic point, our pupils must non merely develop critical thought accomplishments that make them effectual citizens, but the professional and political accomplishments that impart ability to retrain to run into new challenges and engineerings. To this terminal it is our duty to assist pupils larn to accommodate and get the accomplishments they will necessitate throughout life. This requires us to non merely present cognition, but to show it in such a manner as to demand from the pupil the work and satisfaction that will do him/her a womb-to-tomb scholar. â€Å" Self Actualization is the intrinsic growing of what is already in the being, or more accurately, of what the being is. † Abraham Maslow, 1968 It is merely through self realization that existent larning takes topographic point and merely through the internalisation of larning that the ability to mentor matures and becomes accessible to others. If pupils are to go leaders, experts and governments so they must larn to do learning portion of the cloth of their being. It is our occupation to assist them detect within themselves the tools that make this possible. Our pupils can accomplish success, illustriousness and fulfilment merely if their apprehension of engineering includes an apprehension of its ( de ) humanising impact on the universe, their possible for impacting that universe and, by extension, humanity. As module we impart that understanding in everything we do and through the techniques we use in and out of the schoolroom to edify and ease both their acquisition and our ain.